Modernism



The modernism was named in many diferent ways arround Europe, it was called art nouveau in France, modern style in England, Jugendstill in Germany, Sezessionstill in Austria and Floreale and Liberty style in Italy.

What is modernism?

Modernism to be explained has to be understood as a movement. The modernist movement, its set of cultural tendencies and array of associated cultural movements originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Related terms are modern; modernost; sontemporary; postmodern. Modernism was a revolt against the conservative values of realism. Arguably the most paradigmatic motive of modernism is the rejection of tradition and its reprise, incorporation, rewriting, recapitulation, revision and parody in new forms. Modernism rejected the lingering certainty of [|Enlightenment] thinking and also rejected the existence of a compassionate, all-powerful Creator God in favor of the abstract, unconventional, largely uncertain ethic brought on by modernity, initiated around the turn of century by rapidly changing technology and further catalyzed by the horrific consequences of world war [|I] on the cultural psyche of artists.

 **Modernism** is an international style: an urban and bourgeois manifestation. Middle-class opens his mind and becomes cosmopolitan. Fashion is shown in illustrated magazines that spread over Europe. A new necessity of change and innovation is created everywhere. Artists try to create a new style without references to tradition in its ways or subjects. In general, the term modernism encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social, and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialized world. The poet [|Ezra Pound] 's 1934 injunction to "Make it new!" was paradigmatic of the movement's approach towards the obsolete. Another paradigmatic exhortation was articulated by philosopher and composer [|Theodor Adorno], who, in the 1940s, challenged conventional surface coherence and appearance of harmony typical of the rationality of Enlightenment thinking. A salient characteristic of modernism is self-consciousness. This self-consciousness often led to experiments with form and work that draws attention to the processes and materials used (and to the further tendency of abstraction).

The first half of the 19th century for Europe was marked by a number of wars and revolutions, which contributed to an aesthetic "turning away" from the realities of political and social fragmentation, and so facilitated a trend towards [|R] omanticism. Romanticism had been a revolt against the values of the industrial revolution and [|b] ourgeois conservative valous. putting emphasis on individual subjective experience, the sublime, the supremacy of "Nature" as a subject for art, revolutionary or radical extensions of expression, and individual liberty.

Historians have suggested various dates as starting points for modernism. [|William Everdell] has argued that modernism began with [|Richard Dedekind] 's [|division] of the real number line in 1872 and [|Boltzmann] 's [|statistical thermodynamics] in 1874. [|Clement Greenberg] called [|Immanuel Kant] "the first real Modernist", [|[16]] but also wrote, "What can be safely called Modernism emerged in the middle of the last century—and rather locally, in France, with [|Baudelaire] in literature and [|Manet] in painting, and perhaps with [|Flaubert], too, in prose fiction. (It was a while later, and not so locally, that Modernism appeared in [|music] and [|architecture] ). The modernist movement, at the beginning of the 20th century, marked the first time that the term " [|avant-garde] ", with which the movement was called until the word "modernism" prevailed, was being used for the arts instead that in its original military and political context; [|[12]] the term remained to describe movements which identify themselves as attempting to overthrow some aspect of tradition or the status quo. [|S] urrealism gained the fame among the public of being the most extreme form of modernism, or "the avant-garde of modernism"

When we think of modernism but in the field of architecture names such as Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Right, Mies Van de Rohe and Grupius come to aur minds, but besides architecture there are many important people in the movement of modernism in another areas, those names are:


 * [|Anna Akhmatova]
 * [|Gabriele d'Annunzio]
 * [|Guillaume Apollinaire]
 * [|Andrei Bely]
 * [|Gottfried Benn]
 * [|Ivan Cankar]
 * [|Constantine P. Cavafy]
 * [|Joseph Conrad]
 * [|Alfred Döblin]
 * [|T. S. Eliot]
 * [|William Faulkner]
 * [|E. M. Forster]
 * [|H.D.]
 * [|Ernest Hemingway]
 * [|Hugo von Hofmannsthal]
 * [|Max Jacob]
 * [|James Joyce][|[18]]
 * [|Franz Kafka]
 * [|D. H. Lawrence]
 * [|Thomas Mann]
 * [|Robert Musil]
 * [|Eugene O'Neill]
 * [|Fernando Pessoa]
 * [|Luigi Pirandello]
 * [|Ezra Pound]
 * [|Marcel Proust]
 * [|Dorothy Richardson]
 * [|Rainer Maria Rilke]
 * [|Gertrude Stein]
 * [|Wallace Stevens]
 * [|Italo Svevo]
 * [|Ernst Toller]
 * [|Paul Valéry]
 * [|Robert Walser]
 * [|William Carlos Williams]
 * [|Virginia Woolf]
 * [|William Butler Yeats]